Staying compliant with HMO licensing is not a one-time task. Licensing requirements change as councils introduce new schemes, extend existing ones, and update conditions. With 128 active licensing schemes across England as of December 2025 (Kamma) and 49 new schemes launched in 2025 alone, the compliance landscape has never been more complex.
As Orla Shields, CEO of Kamma, has noted: "You could drive through North London in a couple of hours and pass through sixteen different licensing regimes. By the time you've learnt one set of rules, you're already in another borough with completely different requirements."
The first step is to establish whether your property currently requires a licence. There are three types of licence to consider under the Housing Act 2004:
Use the Tuxa property licence checker to instantly check whether your property falls within a selective or additional licensing area. Mandatory HMO licensing applies nationally, so if your property has five or more occupants from two or more households, a licence is required regardless of location.
Once you have established that a licence is required, apply to the relevant local council. Applications typically require:
Licence fees vary significantly by council, typically ranging from £750 to £1,500 for a five-year licence. The funds are ring-fenced and cannot be used for other council services.
Once a licence is granted, you must comply with all conditions attached to it. Common conditions include maintaining the property in good repair, carrying out annual gas safety checks, ensuring the electrical installation is inspected every five years, and managing anti-social behaviour effectively.
Breach of a licence condition can result in civil financial penalties of up to £30,000 (rising to £40,000 for serious or repeat offences under the Renters' Rights Act 2025 from 1 May 2026) and can also trigger revocation of the licence.
Licensing requirements change frequently. Since the General Approval 2024 came into force on 23 December 2024, councils no longer need Secretary of State approval to introduce new selective licensing schemes, making it easier and faster for them to do so. New schemes can come into force with as little as 10 weeks' notice after consultation.
Use the Tuxa property licence checker's alert feature to receive monthly notifications if the licensing status of your property changes. This is particularly important for landlords with properties in urban areas, where nearly 70% of areas are now covered by at least one scheme.
Licences are typically granted for five years. Operating a property after a licence has expired is treated the same as operating without a licence, so it is important to apply for renewal in good time before the expiry date.
The MHCLG's independent review of selective licensing (2019) found that selective licensing "is an effective tool when implemented properly." Councils are increasingly using their enforcement powers: Birmingham City Council issued £450,000 in fines since launching its licensing programme in June 2023, and London landlords received £13 million in licensing fines between 2018 and 2025.
Paul Shamplina, Founder of Landlord Action, has warned: "The days of being a 'hobby' landlord, casually managing a property on the side without fully understanding the legal obligations, are rapidly coming to an end. Those naïve or unaware are going to find themselves at much greater risk of penalties following the numerous changes due to hit the sector."
The fastest way to find out whether your property needs a licence is to use the Tuxa property licence checker — enter any UK address and get an instant result showing which schemes apply, scheme dates, and a direct link to the council's licensing page.